The dissertation provides empirical evidence on the relationship between women’s agency and fertility in the MENA region, where there is little research on this topic and the few existing studies are limited to Egypt. Specifically, Studies 1 and 2 aim to answer the research question of whether childbirth positively affects women’s agency; Study 3 addresses the relationship between agency and desired fertility as well as between agency and unwanted births. Using cross-sectional data from the Integrated Labor Market Panel Survey, Study 1 compares the association between motherhood and agency in three MENA countries, namely Egypt, Jordan, and Tunisia. It also explores how the relationship varies by women’s educational attainment and provides a comparative overview of women’s agency in the three countries. Study 2 uses longitudinal data from the Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey (2006, 2012, 2018) to investigate whether women’s agency changes with birth transitions and if this change differs by education or rural versus urban residence. It estimates fixed effects regression models, which rest on weaker assumptions for the identification of causal effects than the assumptions of the methods used in the former studies. Study 3 examines whether Egyptian and Jordanian women’s agency is associated with their personal ideal number of children and their ability to have no more children than desired. Moreover, it adopts a “couple’s perspective” by examining whether the positive effect of agency on preventing unwanted births is also evident in case of disagreement between spouses about the ideal number of children, which has not been considered in previous research. The study uses cross-sectional data from the 2015 Egypt Health Issues Survey and the 2017–2018 Jordan Population and Family Health Survey.