While the world population as a whole is still growing, individual regions and countries are showing different regional trends. Births, deaths and migration are also subject to continuous change. These population processes are now the focus of sustainable development, as pursued by the United Nations with Agenda 2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). To shape human development sustainably, it is necessary to understand the causes and challenges of demographic change in order to better assess future population trends and consider their impact on society, the economy and the environment. In 12 concise chapters with illustrations and maps, this brochure provides an up-to-date overview of global population dynamics in the context of sustainable development.